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UNSC Expansion Would 'Certify Transition From US Unipolarism to Multipolarity': Scholar_我的网站

A |     　　来源：北京商报　　8月26日，北京商报记者获悉，国家医疗保障局印发《关于做好长期护理保险支付管理工作的指导意见》（以下简称《意见》）。

B |     The UN General Assembly in New York is meeting Tuesday to discuss ways to make the Security Council more representative and equitable.,The meeting, convened by General Assembly President Abdulla Shahid in a letter dated July 7, is tasked with deliberating the “question of equitable representation and an increase in the membership of the Security Council and other matters related to the Security Council.” Sahid is expected to present a draft oral decision “following consultations” with General Assembly members.,A draft presented on the UN’s website reaffirms “the central role of the General Assembly concerning the question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council,” and expresses “the commitment of heads of state and government representing the peoples of the world to instill new life in the discussions on the reform of the Security Council.”,The draft proposes the continuation of “intergovernmental negotiations on Security Council reform” at the upcoming 77th General Assembly in September, including the creation of an “open-ended working group” to discuss the matter.,Background,Created as part of the United Nations after the end of the Second World War, the Security Council consists of the world’s five major nuclear powers (Russia, China, the United States, France, and Britain) and 10 rotating non-permanent members. Collectively, their main goal is the maintenance of international peace and security.,A key difference between the UN and its Security Council and the League of Nations – the defunct intergovernmental organization formed in the aftermath of the First World War, is the inclusion in the former of the right for each permanent member to veto substantive resolutions made by other members, such as accepting new members into the UN, or authorizing the use of force against another country.,The veto concept was a hard-fought victory of the Soviet delegation at the San Francisco conference on the UN’s formation. Moscow argued for the right of veto to prevent one or more major powers from ganging up on others to pursue national geopolitical, economic, or military interests at the expense of others using the UN platform to provide such actions with legitimacy.,The veto principle enabled the Security Council and the UN generally to the survive multiple international crises, both during the Cold War and in the three decades after 1991, and ensured that the UN did not collapse, as its League of Nations predecessor did, in times of crisis.,Putin on 75th Anniversary of WWII: Shared Responsibility to History and Future18 June 2020, 19:47 GMT,Why Reform Now?,The Security Council underwent two major reforms: in 1965, when the original non-permanent membership was increased from six to ten to account for the emergence of new countries in the Global South after the collapse of European colonial empires, and in 1971, when the US dropped its veto to allow the People’s Republic of China to take up its rightful seat at the Security Council, replacing Taiwan.,Discussions on reforming the Security Council began anew in the early 1990s, as the United States and its allies, convinced of their triumph and status as leaders of a new global order following the collapse of the USSR, began discussing the "end of history" and conceptualizing ways to make the 21st century an “American century.” On the other side of the debate, rising powers from the Third World began pushing to reform the UN to make it more representative of their interests.,In 2005, rising economic giants India and Brazil, as well as Germany and Japan, the defeated Axis powers, formed the so-called G4 group of nations to support one another’s push for permanent Security Council membership. In 2005, then-UN Secretary General Kofi Annan put forward a proposal to expand the council to 24 members, either by creating six new permanent members and three new non-permanent ones, or eight new non-permanent members of a new class of rotating members and one additional non-permanent seat. In 2017, the G4 announced their readiness to temporarily accept non-veto wielding status to become permanent Security Council members.,Opponents of reforming the Security Council have made arguments on the basis of perceived balance of power-related concerns, such as Pakistan opposing India’s permanent membership, or Spain and Italy opposing German membership, South Korea opposing Japanese membership, and major Latin American powers like Argentina, Mexico, and Colombia opposing Brazil’s membership. Other rising powers, such as Turkey, have argued in favor of the Security Council’s expansion to better represent Asian, Latin American, and African countries.,Moscow has paid a heavy price for its permanent membership in the Security Council, first through its central role in defeating Nazi Germany and Japan during the Second World War, and then in 1991, by taking upon itself the entirety of the USSR’s $66 billion perestroika-era debt after the country’s collapse. But Russia has also expressed support for reforming the body to better represent developing nations, particularly India and Brazil, as well as a candidate from Africa. At BRICS summits in 2021 and 2022, Russia and China reiterated their continued support for improving the BRICS’ status at the UN, including via a comprehensive reform of the Security Council.,Iran Asks to Join BRICS27 June, 17:19 GMT,In recent months, these calls have grown louder, with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov indicating in April that countries from the Global South would be an excellent way to curb the “unilateralism” of the West at the UN.,Last week, Russian Ambassador to China Andrei Denisov reaffirmed Russia’s readiness to discuss the expansion of the Security Council to provide membership to India and Brazil, but not US allies Germany and Japan.,“Russia is calling for the expansion of the UN Security Council based on a broad consensus. It requires increasing the proportionate share of African, Asian and Latin American countries for the UN Security Council to be able to reflect the aspirations of people around the world and be a more democratic body,” Denisov said, speaking at the World Peace Forum in Beijing on July 4.,“At the same time, I would like to be frank – we aren’t ready to support the accession of actors such as Germany and Japan. We don’t see any added value from their potential accession. Given the current balance on the Council – or imbalance, I should say, the membership of the two aforementioned candidates is unlikely to strengthen it, rather it will make the imbalance even more striking,” the diplomat stressed.,An Idea Whose Time Has Come?,“It appears that all nations are aware that the UNSC must become more inclusive and representative of the reality of today’s world,” says Paolo Raffone, director of the CIPI Foundation, a Brussels-based think tank.,According to the observer, apart from the 1971 modification of the Council to reflect China taking over Taiwan’s seat, the UNSC of today still largely “reflects the world of 1945.”,“For many years the UNSC has been blocked by cross-veto proceedings, affecting stability and peace in the world. Unblocking the UNSC is the most urgent need for all nations wishing for the effectiveness of a rule-based international systems,” Raffone argues.,Raffone favors adding BRICS countries into the mix, pointing to their collective status representing “the largest share of world population, land and [purchasing power parity],” as well as “spectacular” economic growth over the past two decades. “Their inclusion in the UNSC would certainly strive to keep globalization alive under new rules and governance,” and reduce problems such as lack of democracy, poor geographical representation, and “lack of legitimacy for ensuring global governance” of the current body, he believes.,The observer emphasizes, however, that for any reform initiative to succeed, two-thirds of the UN’s member states would have vote for and ratify it, with every permanent member of the Security Council also needing to agree – no easy task to pull off.,EXCLUSIVE: New Delhi Does Not Support Attempts to Isolate Russia, Says Russian Ambassador to India5 July, 10:29 GMT,New Multipolar World Order,“The enlargement of the UN Security Council would formally certify, on the international level, the transition from US unipolarism to the new multipolar architecture. It would be an epochal event!” says Tiberio Graziani, chairman of Vision & Global Trends: International Institute for Global Analyses, an Italy-based international affairs think tank.,Graziani is convinced that the benefits from the body’s expansion would be multifold, including rebalancing power in international organizations “hitherto essentially ‘Westernist’” and “hegemonized” by the West. “Above all,” he says, “enlargement would be essential to ensure greater stability” in the “turbulent geopolitical and geo-economic transition” that the present moment represents.,The observer stresses that any reforms would need to be gradual to prevent an institutional crisis, but admits that “some reforms must be radical,” given the organization’s dominance by Western powers.,Like Raffone, Graziani supports the increased visibility of BRICS nations in the body, citing their outsized significance to global security and the economy and underrepresentation in this sense.,“At the moment we are in a particular situation: on the one hand there is the West led by the United States and the British which constitutes a conservative pole that aims to maintain a hegemonic role on a planetary level, on the other hand there is a set of nations (basically the BRICS countries) which demand a greater presence in global decisions. Within the framework of the UN, the contribution of the BRICS countries would be fundamental since it would guarantee a balance that has not been there so far,” Graziani believes.,The observer stresses that there simply is no alternative to the UN’s authority in international affairs, and that subsequently, “a new, more balanced (multipolar) international forum needs to be set up” in the present situation.。

C | 　　在明确支付范围方面，《意见》提出，长期护理保险基金按规定支付失能等级定点评估机构提供的失能等级评估服务费用、定点长护服务机构提供的长期护理服务费用，以及依法依规引入的社会力量参与经办管理服务的费用等。　　失能等级评估服务费用区分不同服务利用的情形，综合考虑评估结果等因素，由基金和个人承担，避免随意过度使用评估申请权。原则上参保人首次评估通过，以及按制度要求参加定期复评的服务费，由基金支付。其中，按制度要求参加定期复评包括按照《长期护理保险失能等级评估管理办法（试行）》规定，经办机构在参保人评估结果有效期届满前组织开展的重新评估，以及根据工作需求组织开展的复评等。　　长期护理服务费用支付范围依据《国家长期护理保险服务项目目录》（以下简称《服务项目目录》）确定，符合《服务项目目录》的相关护理服务费用，由基金按规定支付。

D | 超出支付范围的护理服务费用由参保人员个人或其他渠道支付。明确区分基本医疗保险、长期护理保险支付范围和情形，两项制度原则上不得重复支付。　　社会力量参与经办管理服务的相关费用，依协议约定从基金中支付，相关管理规定另行制定。　　在规范支付方式方面，《意见》提出，适应长期护理保险服务供给特点，按照科学合理、易行高效的原则，合理规范长期护理保险支付方式。评估服务以按人次付费为主。

E | 护理服务以按时长付费为主，区分不同服务类型合理确定时长计费单元，原则上居家护理服务以小时为付费单元；机构护理服务以床日为付费单元；社区护理服务根据提供服务具体情况确定付费单元。随着人口形势变化和制度发展，国家层面统一探索对纳入长期护理保险支付范围的智能化服务、支持性辅助器具等，采取按定额或按项目付费等方式。　　在合理确定支付标准方面，《意见》提出，根据长期护理保险基金支撑能力、参保人基本保障需求、长护服务供给情况等，合理确定长期护理保险支付标准，并动态调整。　　护理服务支付标准依据本地区经济发展水平、社会平均工资、相关行业费用水平、长期照护师等护理服务人员专业技能等分档设置。服务时长限额依据长期护理保险基金用于护理服务的年度支出预算、待遇享受人数、护理服务支付标准、支付比例等综合确定，并结合参保类型等予以调整。原则上单个项目服务时长不超过《服务项目目录》推荐的服务时长上限。参保人员基金年度最高支付限额不超过统筹地区上年度城乡居民人均可支配收入的50%。各地要统筹考虑居家、机构、社区等护理服务形式，做好按床日支付标准与按小时支付标准的比照衔接，鼓励使用居家和社区护理服务。各省级医保部门要加强统筹管理，指导省内各统筹地区间护理服务支付标准、支付时长等待遇水平相对统一，避免差异过大。　　评估服务支付标准依据本地区社会经济发展水平、评估人员资质、评估成本等综合确定，鼓励有条件的省份统一省域内评估服务支付标准。　　在严格基金管理和监督方面，《意见》提出，科学编制长期护理保险基金年度预算，加强预算绩效管理，做好基金会计核算，建立基金运行监控和风险防范机制。

F | 　　按规定做好失能等级评估、护理服务、引入社会力量参与经办管理服务等各项费用审核拨付工作。完善资金拨付管理，强化定点评估机构、定点长护服务机构以及社会力量经办机构绩效考核。完善结算管理机制，规范基金结算清算，加强经办智能审核，切实提高审核拨付效率。对于评估服务未按规定执行，评估通过率畸高畸低的；护理服务未按照护理服务计划执行、未达到《服务项目目录》要求的；以及社会力量经办机构未按规定管理的，基金将按一定比例扣除直至拒付。

G | 长期护理保险基金支付不得由第三方社会力量代管代拨。　　重点加强对长期护理保险失能等级评估行为、护理服务行为以及社会力量参与经办管理服务等的监管，逐步将长期护理保险基金使用纳入飞行检查、日常监管、社会监督、智能监管等常态化监管范围，探索将监管延伸到个人。研究探索适应长期护理保险特点的信用管理制度。

H | 加强对定点长护服务机构服务收费价格、评估机构评估收费价格的动态监测，保障参保人合法权益。

I | 责任编辑：曹睿潼。

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Published on:17:42:30